A scoping review of the academic literature to develop a typology of opioid-related stigma. Four themes were found and explored: (1) interpersonal and structural stigma toward people accessing opioid agonist therapy (OAT); (2) stigma related to opioids for the treatment of chronic pain; (3) stigma in healthcare settings; and (4) self-stigma.
McCradden MD, Vasileva D, Orchanian-Cheff A, Buchman DZ. Ambiguous identities of drugs and people: a scoping review of opioid-related stigma. International Journal of Drug Policy. 2019 Dec 1;74:205-15.